While wireless can’t cure every corporate ailment, it can certainly treat the primary ill of business—the tyranny of voice mail and phone tag. The solution is obvious and simple: cordless office phones. Why, then, has this staple of the average American home not yet migrated into the workplace? Answer: cost, security, and quality. Until now.

Just about every office phone system uses a technology called PBX Solutions, which stands for private branch exchange. Essentially, it is a private telephone network whereby a staff shares a certain number of outside lines. The reason virtually every company uses PBXs is that they are significantly cheaper than connecting everyone’s phone to an external phone line, the same kind of connection you have in your home.

While PBX systems are comparatively less expensive than giving everyone their own phone line, the additional technology in wireless PBX systems is more expensive than their wired counterparts, by a factor of 25 percent, according to Bill Landis, president of TuWay Wireless in Pennsylvania. The manufacturers of these systems would argue that while there is a greater initial outlay of cash, the productivity increases and reduced long-distance call-back costs quickly make up the difference. With a wireless PBX handset, employees can roam anywhere in the company’s building or corporate campus and have the full functionality of a PBX desktop phone.

I realize that trying to convince anyone of the advantages of a wireless phone in the workplace is like preaching to the choir. Most professionals want to be available. In fact, at least half of the executives I communicate with regularly offer their cell numbers on their outbound voice mail greetings to facilitate human contact.

While the cellular option is appreciated in an emergency, I rarely place calls to a mobile phone. Too many times when I have had only a quasi-timely, semi-important matter to discuss, I’ve found myself feeling as though I’m intruding by calling the person while he or she is rushing to a urgent meeting or confirming an order at a drive-through (“Supersize it, please”).

The human voice is a consolidation of the waves of electrical energy carried across the given channel capacity. Humans generate a combination of amplitude and frequency changes in a continuing flow. If the changes are held constant, then the conversation becomes monotone, highly unacceptable for the average conversation. Indeed, if everything were held constant, the recipient of the information would be lulled to sleep. We use the variations in our voices to reflect deviations in emotion, accentuation, or articulation and emphasis on certain points. Every voice generates a different pattern of amplitude and frequency changes. This is what gives every individual a unique and recognizable speech tone.

It is interesting to note that the female voice pattern typically generates more changes in amplitude than in frequency. This accounts for the higher pitch in the female voice. Conversely, the male vocal pattern generates more frequency changes than amplitude shifts. This accounts for the low pitched, more grainy tones of the male. These are averages; every human is different and the norm can be deviated from at any time. Suffice it to say that when someone is highly emotional, there are definite shifts from that person’s normal voice patterns. The pitch might go up by varying degrees, showing the results of stress or anger.

The telephone links are designed to handle this widely varying pattern of shifts. However, from time to time the voice pattern might exceed the differences in the allotted bandwidth. Then the frequencies in the voice go above or below the normal range. At this point, the band pass filters start to remove the excesses. What can result is a pattern of tinny or flattened speech conversations. This can be also heard if someone uses the letters F and S where the frequency ranges on these two sounds might exceed the band pass ranges; they get flattened.

Other Communications Services: Data, Facsimiles, Images, Video

Because the telephone network was built to carry the analog equivalent of human speech patterns, the other services that we wish to communicate, such as data, facsimile, images, and video must be transmitted within the same constraints as voice calls. The network allows any telephone set to contact any other telephone set across a 3-kHz bandwidth. If you want to communicate anything else, such as data, it must be accommodated on this same 3-kHz bandwidth. This invokes a limitation on the speed of our data communications channel capacities. Although modems can transmit signals more quickly, they must be constrained into the size of the pipe. A video conference transmission will also reflect non-real-time motion because of the channel capacities on a dial-up basis.

If you need to move more information across the channels, you have two choices. One option is to dedicate a high-speed line between the two or more end points we need to communicate with. However, this approach will eliminate the possibility of “any-to-any” connection and will require planning well in advance of communicating with the end points. Leased lines between the points might be underutilized and could be more expensive.

Another option is to have the band pass filters moved out to (for example) 8 kHz between the end points. Unfortunately, however, there are similar limitations here. We would have to know every location that we would be communicating with, losing the benefits of the any-to-any connection. As well, there is no guarantee that the switching systems will route the call over the same path on a switched dial-up connection every time. This would force us back into a 3-kHz channel along the route selected if it is different every time, eliminating the benefits of the wider channel capacity.

In February 1996, the Clinton Administration signed into law the Telecom Act of 1996. This act was the culmination of several years of trying to deregulate and provide a competitive marketplace in the telecommunications arena. This law, when enacted, opened the door to an open communications infrastructure. Essentially, what the administration put into play was the beginnings of the concept of the information superhighway.

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 opens the way for a myriad of new players to compete for the local dial tone service. In the United States, dial tone amounts to a $115 billion a year industry. No wonder all the emerging players want a piece of that action. What this means, however, is that a group of new players will emerge to provide dial tone services while the local telephone companies are unshackled and allowed to penetrate new markets that were unavailable to them in the past.

During the beginning stages of this Telecom Act, elation and overwhelming support for the newly emerging marketplace from all new telecommunication players was the name of the game. However, as one would expect, things don’t work as smoothly as they are supposed to when first starting. The Telecom Act of 1996 allows for the long-distance companies (IECs) to enter into new business opportunities. These include dial tone, cable TV services, high-speed Internet access, and two-way video communications capabilities after the infrastructure is in place.

TV Cable Companies

The cable TV companies, on the other hand, are now allowed to enter into telephony and other forms of the communications business. These providers are allowed to offer voice communications, high-speed Internet access, two-way multimedia communications, and cable TV services, all on a single communications platform. As the cable companies look at their infrastructure, they already have a high-speed communications channel running either to or by everybody’s door. However, they must recognize that in the past their primary service was the delivery of one-way communications in the form of cable services. In order to provide high-speed Internet access and enhanced capabilities as well as voice communications, these companies were forced to create a two-way communications cable system. This means that they had to either add new cables or provide high-speed fiber in the backbone network to the curb and then coax to the door. Although this sounds fairly straightforward and easy, it does require significant investments on the part of the cable companies. This alternative proved very effective with a hybrid fiber/coax arrangement that, by the end of 1999, the cable TV companies implemented in several cities in the United States and Canada to provide the high-speed access in a bundled pricing mechanism. Moreover, 1999 marked the year when AT&T (the now-streamlined carrier) acquired two of the largest CATV companies, TCI and Media One.

Internet Connection

As the Telecommunications Act continues to be enforced, the telephone companies will break out into new markets such as operating long-distance service for less and providing cable TV services, Internet access, and videoconferencing capabilities on their local infrastructure. What the telcos have to realize, however, is that the local two-wire cable facility (called the local loop) is a single pair of copper wires that was not designed to sustain the high-speed communications we’re talking about here. Therefore the telcos will continue to update their cable infrastructures. These companies are enamored with the new xDSL technologies that use high-speed digital subscriber links. Using various techniques such as asymmetrical digital subscriber link (ADSL) or very high-speed digital subscriber link (VDSL), the telephone companies can provide high-speed communications to the customer’s door. In the ADSL marketplace they envision delivering up to 9 Mbps to a customer’s door, whereas outbound from the customer to the network the service will offer plain old telephone service (POTS) and up to 384 Kbps data transmission. Two occurrences have deviated from this scenario to start:

1. Rate-adaptive ADSL (RADSL) was introduced allowing the telco to deliver less than the 9 Mbps downloadable to the door. Instead, they use a figure of 1.544 Mbps downloadable and adaptive rates of 256 to. 1.024 Mbps uploadable. If the network is busy then the consumer will get slower-speed access, but a contracted minimum comes into play. However, if the network is lightly loaded, the consumer will benefit from the higher throughputs.

2. One-meg modems were developed. The ADSL Forum looked at the application and need for the speeds mentioned above. What this forum determined, in the short term, is that the average consumer only really needs 1 Mbps downloadable and approximately 160 Kbps unloadable asymmetrical speeds. Therefore, they developed what was termed ADSL Lite or G.lite specification. Over time, this specification will allow higher-speed access, but for the short term this is sufficient.

In the ADSL marketplace the telcos have been dragging their feet implementing these services. There are many reasons, but the most common is that they do not want to be forced to provide the xDSL service at a discounted rate, like they do the dial tone. Additionally, there is much ado over the standards being implemented in xDSL technology.

In the VDSL marketplace, the telcos envision up to 51 Mbps to the customer’s door with a much lower-speed communications channel outbound, or a symmetrical 51 Mbps in each direction. Regardless of the technique used, the telephone companies are in a position to find technologies that will support and sustain these speeds on their local, single twisted pair of wires to the customer’s door. This is their challenge. Beyond the high-speed communications, the telephone companies can also enter into manufacturing, long distance, and cable TV service. However, the caveat of the Telecom Act of 1996 is that these companies must first prove that an open competitive environment exists at the local loop. There has been much ado in terms of the Telephone Companies being willing and cooperative in providing this access. One can imagine that for the next few years this will be one of the contention points as the newer players emerge and attempt to get into either facilities-based or a non-facilities-based dial tone provision.

Our interface to the telephone company network is the single-line telephone set. It stands to reason that we need to connect this set to the telephone company central office (CO). The pair of twisted wires running from the telephone company’s CO is called the local loop unbundling. Each subscriber, or customer, is delivered at least one pair of wires per telephone line.

There are exceptions to this rule in rural areas where the telephone company might share multiple users on a single pair of wires. This is called a party line and is again a financial decision. If the number of users demanding telephone service exceeds the number of pairs available, a telco company might well offer the service on a party or shared set of wires.

The phone company distributes its outside plant, or distribution, to the customer by running large bundles of twisted pairs toward the customer location. This is done using feeders, which are composed of 50 to over 3000 pairs of wires.

The feeders are run to splice points or breakout points called manholes or handholes. At this point, the splicing of two reels of cable will take place, assuming that the cable on a single reel was not sufficient. A lateral distribution can also take place here. Lateral distribution is the breakout of a number of pairs to run in a different direction. The lateral distribution or branch feeder is then strung to various customer locations. The end of the pair to the final customer location is called the customer pair or station drop.

It is in this outside plant, from the CO to the customer location, that 90 percent of all problems will occur. This is not to imply that the telco is doing a lousy job of delivering service to the customer. These cables are exposed more to cable cuts because of construction (commonly called backhoe fade), flooding at the splice locations, rodent damage, and many other risks.

In the analog dial-up telephone network, each pair of the local loop unbundling is designed to carry a single telephone call to service voice conversations. This is a proven technology that works for the most part and continues to get better as the technologies advance. The cables can be delivered via a telephone pole, buried conduit, or direct buried cables. Either way, the service is one that we are familiar with and feel comfortable with. What has just been described is the connection at the local portion of the network. From there the local connectivity must be extended out to other locations in and around a metropolitan area or across the country. The connections to other types of offices are then required.

The telco’s company’s company uses a variety of connections to bring the service to the customer locations. The typical connection is the two-wire service that we keep talking about. This two-wire interface to the network is terminated in a demarcation point, as required by law. The DEMARC is the point of least penetration into the customer’s premises, typically within 12 inches of where the telco’s company cable comes up into the building.

Normally, telco’s company terminates in a block; this can be the standard modular block for a single line telephone. If the customer has multiple lines, telco’s company will terminate in a 66 block, or an RJ-21X. These are fancy names for their termination points. The typical modular connector uses an RJ-11C for telephones connected to a two-pair interface (not to be confused with the two wires) or an RJ-45X as a four-pair interface for both voice and data. Another version of connector for digital service is an eight-conductor (four-pair) called the RJ-48X.

When a telco’s company brings in a digital circuit, it will terminate the four-wire circuit into a newer RJ-68 or a smart jack. There is no major mystique in any of these connectors. The number is strictly a uniform service code so that the telco’s company can keep it all straight. However, when ordering a circuit, the telco’s company will ask you how you want it terminated.

The rule of thumb in a multi line environment is to use the RJ-21X (which is a 66 block with an amphenol connector on it). Sounds complex, doesn’t it? A single line will terminate in an RJ-11C or RJ-12.

In the facilities-based environment, the carrier will provide its own cables or wireless communications to the customer’s door. At that point all of the communications will be carried right out to the wide area network, by passing the local telephone companies.

In a non-facilities-based environment, the new emerging players will rent or lease facilities from the local telephone company at a discount. The discount ranges anywhere from 17 to 28 percent off of what the local telephone company’s tariffs are today. This, however, is an area always open for debate as the telephone companies attempt to select and provide access on a non-facilities basis to their competitors. Clearly, the telephone companies argue, by having to rent the services to competitors at a discounted rate, they are putting themselves in an unfair position. The resellers of dial tone would merely turn around and rent services right back to the consumer at a rate less than what the telephone companies charge.

The telephone companies contend that this is a discount that should not be provided, and that if competitors wish to work in this market they should build their own capabilities or rent from the telecommunication at the same rates the telecommunication charges other customers. Embroiled in all of these battles are the other players such as the long-distance and cable TV providers, who are equally distraught because they also have to pay for other access fees to provide services to their consumers. They argue that the telephone companies have been raising the rates for access because of the potential loss of revenue on the basis of the Telecom Act of 1996. An interesting event occurred in 1999 when AT&T acquired the local cable TV companies (TCI and Media One) to get access to the consumers’ doors. Shortly after acquiring these giants, AT&T was challenged to offer the access on CATV to competitors at a reduced rate. AT&T immediately balked at that idea and appealed to the FCC because the local utilities commissions were ruling in favor of the competitors. AT&T is screaming about the unfairness of such a move, yet this worked just the opposite when they wanted access through the telecommunication and were asked to pay the access fees.

Throughout all this maneuvering, the consumer may or may not win. Clearly, with competition, prices should fall to a more reasonable base and other discounts might exist. This will work in the major NFL cities.* The pricing mechanisms will probably drop the local cost of dial tone and access to the long-distance network. However, in rural communities where services and facilities have always been limited, there may be no advantage or a slight disadvantage. The consumers in the rural areas will be left in the lurch because few companies will want to serve such regions. In the old days the telephone companies had to serve it as a last resort. Under deregulation, all of this might well change. A couple of the competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs) have actually opened many third- and fourth-tier communities and done very well. Because they are the prime competitor in the town, users who are willing to take a chance will do so with the new provider. This has been a lucrative market for the new CLECs in this area, as opposed to the results in the major metropolitan areas.

As one might expect, several new providers got into the business. As of 1999, over 500 CLECs had jumped into the competitive local dial tone business, yet they have achieved only 3 percent penetration into the overall market. This penetration amounts to approximately $4 to $5 billion annually. Each of the competitors entering this market offers some form of discounts on cable services, dial tone, or long-distance access and services in order to pick up a few market points.

Many providers are building out high-speed access on fiber-based networks bypassing the local telecommunication. Newer providers are now offering the one-stop shopping method by offering a bundle of services, including dial tone, long distance, equipment, and internal wiring all on a single phone bill. AT&T, for example, began offering as much as a 26 percent discount overall for the bundled-service packages they now offer, including dial tone, CATV, and long-distance services. These new players use loss leaders to attempt to pick up their market shares. Through this loss leader market, they will make no money. Consequently, the consumer may stand to gain for the short term, until these new emerging competitors realize they are making no money by offering heavily discounted services.

At that point, the carriers will have to raise their rates or offer some other value-added services to gain new revenue. One can imagine what services those might be.

One of the main characteristics and advantages of a PBX in reducing the number of subscriber lines from the main switch PSTN. Other key features include PBX maintain routing information for telephone lines and calls the client path consequently.

PBX systems have one key distinction functions to manually select the starting lines, while PBX systems automatically dial the outgoing line. As its name already outlined PBX is used mainly as a private device own by companies. PABX systems and equipments is regarded and placed at the customer’s premise rather than the company positioned the phone.

The purposes of the PBX have been developed since its first appearance. Initially, the main advantage is to have cost savings on internal phone calls. By handling the circuit switching locally, it further reduced charges for local telephone service. As PBXs gained wider acceptance and popularity, PABX began to offer services that are not available in the transmission system operator network. Services like: group hunting, call forwarding and call an extension. One of the many reasons for the persistence of the PBX is its ability to adapt to both emerging markets and changing consumer needs. PABX has come through adaptations since its manual installations in 1896 until the date of analogue systems of the 1970s. PBX will continue to have an evolving technology, partnering with the new integrated VoIP technology.

PBX telephone system has changed four stages of evolution. The first step was introduced in 1896, when the manual telephone exchange PBX was introduced and installed. The second phase called proportional analogue phase. PBX technology offers analog signal for communication between end user systems and PBX trunks. The third step came in 1976 when it introduced digital signals, as the last method of communication. The digital platform has been accompanied by improvements such as enhanced PBX functionality and improving overall system performance. The current and fourth stage is still in development, entered the scene in 1999 when the telecommunications system began with the IP (Internet Protocol) as a way for signaling communication methods.

It is crucial to note that the three techniques described in the preceding paragraph are still being used for many years until today and will be used thereafter. There are significant differences between analogue and digital technologies. While analog technology is comparatively simple and inexpensive, but compare to the digital technology, it is lacking some of the advanced features.

Digital signalling takes video or voice and converts it into binary format of 0s and 1s. Binary format takes less line resource than electronic impulses in analogue signalling. By using this increased complexity of signalling in digital lines, more functions can be passed down to end-users from the PBX system.

The third and last of evolution PBX, it is more popular in term of VoIP. IP-PBX can integrated into WAN / LAN networks to communicate with IP-enabled devices worldwide. At the latest trends in PBX development is the VoIP PBX, also known as IP-PBX or IP PBX, where Internet Protocol is being used to make calls. In this latest technology, our phone systems are no longer linked to bandwidth limitations of traditional connectivity PBX. IP-PBX systems offer a truly on demand, remote operation at work when the phone is connected to your devices’ IP addresses dynamically change the world.

Numerous new business and open platform PBX systems with the new IP based technologies have been developed. This IP-enabled phone system is called Asterisk technology, based on IP VoIP platform, and introduced to the community for free. However, recent open source projects related to affordable modern equipment will significantly reduce the cost of ownership system PBX.

Asterisk PBX is software running a PBX system that is freely accessible to all under the GNU General Public License (GPL). Asterisk can be installed for a variety of operating system (OS), platforms such as Linux, BSD and Mac OS X. Some devices include the Asterisk conference calling, call forwarding, call forwarding, caller ID, calling cards, caller - ID blocking, E911, IVR, music on hold, voicemail and more. It supports standard codecs such as ADPCM, G.711, G.723, G.726, G.729, GSM, Speex, and others. Supported protocols are IAX, H.323, SIP, and MGCP SCCP. Your support for the interoperability of traditional telephony include E & M, FXS, FXO, LoopStart, Ground Start, DTMF, and more.

Internet Protocol PBX (iPBX) systems applying standard protocols of the Internet, as a media transport for voice for companies ensuring smooth voice communication. iPBX systems can be used concurrence in the same network elements to share data networks systems, or can be applied in separate network. If iPBX system is sharing the same network (LAN), this system can be said or TeLANophy system.

IP PBX systems apply an IP telephony server for call processing purposes and provide gateways, offers the opportunity to monitor iPBX access to the public telephone network and other iPBX that is been part of the network to communicate. iPBX call analysis system provides advanced processing functions such as speed dialing, call forwarding, and voicemail that are easily integrate with the system.

iPBX systems mainly consists from IP phones, servers and gateways call, which owned and controlled by the company that uses system. VoIP Call management software is installed on your system iPBX allows a system administrator (possibly via a dedicated terminal or configuring a site an internal) to manage the whole system, add and remove accounts with other functionality utilities.

The server calls are performed by using coordinates IP telephone’s addresses to communicate with other devices. This allows the call to load server to, the IP Phone to another IP phone within the system for communication (internal calls) or public telephone network via voice portals.

There may be several bridges or gateways of different iPBX system that should be connected to PSTN (public switch telephone network). Normally, there is a gate iPBX voice system can be connected to the PSTN. The iPBX also has the possibility to communicate with other iPBX system located around the world. This long distance calls can be routed data networks (eg the Internet network), hence the total call cost can be achieved at low cost. If the voice data calls gateway reaches its destination, it is converted back to voice signals. For example, if a user chooses a phone number in New York, Berlin and access to the system iPBX a gate in Berlin, has been assigned an IP phone with voice mail gateway to Berlin to communicate. In this way, the international call for local call is made in Berlin.

System consists iPBX phone IP phones, network data processing system calls, and a voice gateway to PSTN. IP telephones convert sound into digital packets that are transmitted to the server call. For every phone has its own IP address information of the network. The server communicates with IP phones to call the same high speed LAN with computers communication network. When obtaining calls from PSTN, the call processing system that the search of the database to find the address associated IP telephone (data) address and the address, an IP phone incoming call alert. When calls from the IP-phone, I communicated the phone number to call processing system (server call). The system determines whether call is transmitted within the data network, or the voice gateway to connect a call to connect PSTN. This chart also shows that iPBX system may allow use of plot data network to a remote gateway for voice cost connection low public telephone networks provided at remote locations.

Even today there are problems in using VoIP, it is clear that these problems are the result of technological limitations and will be solved in the short term by the constant evolution of VoIP technology, however some of these disadvantages of VoIP still remain and are listed below:

VoIP requires a broadband connection! Even today, with the steady expansion that are happening in the broadband connections worldwide, there are still homes with modem connections or dial up connections. This type of connectivity is not enough to hold a fluent conversation with VoIP. However, this problem will be solved promptly by the sustained growth of broadband connections for making calls.

VoIP requires an electrical connection! If a power failure, unlike phones VoIP phones conventional telephony still work (except to make wireless phone). This is because the telephone cable is all that a conventional phone needs to operate.

Calls to 911: These are also a problem with a VOIP phone system. As is known, IP telephony uses IP addresses to identify a particular phone number, the problem is that there is no way to associate an IP address to a geographic area as each location has a number of emergencies in particular can not make a relationship between a phone number and its corresponding section in the 911. To fix this, perhaps in the future geographic information could be incorporated within the transmission of VoIP packets.

Since VOIP uses a network connection service quality is affected by the quality of the data line, this means that the quality of a VoIP connection can be affected by problems such as high latency (response time) or packet loss. Telephone conversations can see distorted or even broken by such problems. It is essential to establishing successful VOIP conversations have some stability and quality of the data line.

VOIP is susceptible to computer’s viruses, worms and hacking, although this is very rare and VOIP developers working on encryption to solve these problems.

In cases where the use of a softphone (software utilities telephone), VOIP communication quality can be affected by the PC, say that we are making a call and at one time you open a program that uses 100% of the capacity of our CPU In this case criticized the quality of VOIP communication can be compromised because the processor is working full time, so it is advisable to use a good team with your setup Voip.

However, with technological evolution of IP telephony will overcome these problems. VoIP technology is expected to replace conventional telephony in the short term, hence the operator and researches in this area will make sure to solve the problem of disadvantages of Voip

The Voice over Internet Protocol is a fast growing technology that is allowing more and more people to make long distance calls for free or ridiculously low prices. With a minimum of equipment, an easy download of software and the desire to make your telecommunication costs the lowest possible, Voice over IP can make you a very happy customer.

One of the most important parts of VoIP is of course, the most obvious: the broadband Internet connection. Using broadband rather than traditional phone circuitry leads to a far more efficient, cost effective network with the savings passed on to the consumer. Audio signals are turned into digital data and then sent to the correct IP address, just the same as a phone number directs a call in the PSTN.

VoIP requires more than a computer and high-speed connection, of course. You will also need a phone to use during your calls and luckily you can choose between one of three options. The ATA or analog telephone adaptor allows you to keep the old phone that you are already familiar with and still get the low cost long distance calling that you seek from voice over IP. Some providers are using the ATA as a lure to get customers to buy bundled services and are provided free of charge. The ATA is fairly simple to install and to use .

The second option is the broadband phone that again looks like an ordinary phone, the only difference here is the type of connection that the phone has. Instead of the traditional phone hook up, the IP phone has an Ethernet connection which connects directly to the router. The IP phone comes with the needed software in most cases, allowing users to make calls from any hotspot.

The third option is computer to computer calling, which is by far the easiest way to use VoIP. With the right type of software and some additional equipment, you could be making calls for nothing more than the cost of your monthly ISP fee. For this option you need a sound card, a microphone and speakers- the latter two sometimes come preinstalled in many newer computers.

VoIP services offer many of the same features that your old fashioned phone company does, and like them, will often charge additional fees for using them. And while voice over IP sounds like a dream come true, there are a few drawbacks to consider before making the leap. For one thing, there is no form of backup power. If you are without electricity, you are without VoIP as well. You may be able to offset this in emergencies with proper use of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS). Some systems are not connected to the 911 system, although the more notable VoIP companies have solid e-911 systems. Consider the tradeoffs and then make your decision carefully. We all communicate daily; shouldn’t we be paying less to do it?